Founders Online: Search

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1John Quincy Adams to Thomas Boylston Adams, 30 October 1798 (Adams Papers)

Encyclopaedia of Islam

2John Adams to Abigail Adams, 14 December 1798 (Adams Papers)

On 2 July Napoleon issued a proclamation to the people of Egypt claiming that he was a friend of Islam who would put an end to the “greed, iniquity and tyranny of the Mamelukes” and restore Egyptians to “all public offices.” The proclamation also set out stipulations on how the French Army would treat its opponents,...

3John Adams to Abigail Adams, 13 January 1799 (Adams Papers)

was also referencing the Islamic year of 1213 and the belief that Islam would also fall in its 1,260th year (

4To James Madison from William Eaton, 6 March 1801 (Abstract) (Madison Papers)

The Encyclopaedia of Islam

5To James Madison from James Leander Cathcart, 13 March 1801 (Madison Papers)

Encyclopaedia of Islam

6To James Madison from John Gavino, 11 May 1801 (Madison Papers)

declared his conversion to Islam in 1794 and took the name Murad Rais. The following year he was appointed admiral of the Tripolitan navy (Gardner W. Allen,

7To James Madison from John G. Jackson, 3 August 1801 (Madison Papers)

...revolution, he was named commander of the Army of the Interior in 1794 and a division commander in the Egyptian campaign in 1798. After his arrival in Egypt he began acting eccentrically, converted to Islam, changed his name to Jacques-Abdullah, and married the daughter of a bathkeeper. He became commander in chief of the French army on the death of Jean-Baptiste Kléber in June of 1800....Islam

8To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Smith, 5 September 1801 (Jefferson Papers)

the previous day at Gibraltar. There, Dale found two armed Tripolitan vessels at anchor under the command of Peter Lisle, a Scotsman and deserter from the British navy who converted to Islam in 1794 and took the name Murad Rais. He was appointed

9To Thomas Jefferson from Mustafa Baba, Dey of Algiers, 17 October 1802 (Jefferson Papers)

The Cambridge History of IslamThe Encyclopedia of Islam: New Edition

10To James Madison from Richard O’Brien, 22 October 1802 (Madison Papers)

E. J. Brill’s First Encyclopædia of Islam, 1913–1936

11To James Madison from James Simpson, 28 March 1803 (Abstract) (Madison Papers)

Encyclopædia of Islam

12To James Madison from James Simpson, 26 December 1803 (Abstract) (Madison Papers)

Encyclopaedia of Islam

13To James Madison from George Davis, 18 February 1804 (Abstract) (Madison Papers)

: renegade, apostate; here, a convert to Islam.

14To James Madison from James Simpson (Abstract), 7 June 1805 (Madison Papers)

Encyclopedia of Islam,