92. That is, since the beginning of Adrien Petit’s regime as maître d’hôtel. Actual payments to commissionaires are probably hidden in the postage or “petites dépenses” category of TJ’s weekly household accounts.

93. The Bibliothèque Physico-Économique, instructive et amusante was an annual “collection of all the improvements in the arts which have been made for some time past,” and a work TJ began sending to several American friends in 1785 (TJ to Francis Hopkinson, 6 July 1785; Sowerby, No. 1095 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

94. TJ assessed Louis Sébastien Mercier’s Tableau de Paris (Amsterdam, 1782-1783) in a letter to James Madison, 2 Aug. 1787. He owned a set of this famous work as early as Feb. 1785 (Diary of John Quincy Adams, ed. David Grayson Allen et al. [Cambridge, Mass., 1981], i, 224; Sowerby, No. 3890 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

95.  John Stockdale was the London publisher of this and other works by Arnaud Berquin (Stockdale to TJ, 19 Dec. 1786).

96. Probably shortly before 23 Dec. 1786, TJ, with James Watt, Matthew Boulton, and Ferdinand Grand, had witnessed at the Hôtel de la Monnaie the new coining process of Jean Pierre Droz (1746-1823). Grand obtained for TJ two sample coins, which were carried to Congress by David Franks. For TJ’s unsuccessful efforts to secure Droz and his method for the fledgling American mint, see TJ to Francis Hopkinson, 23 Dec. 1786; TJ to John Jay, 9 Jan. and 1 Feb. 1787; TJ to Grand, 23 Apr. 1790; and “Report on Copper Coinage,” Papers, xvi, 335-42. One of Droz’s silver écus is illustrated in Papers, xi, facing p. 414 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends .

97. These books are partially identified in W. S. Smith to TJ, 11 Nov. 1786, and John Stockdale to TJ, 19 Dec. 1786.

98. On the program of the Théâtre des Variétés Amusantes for this evening were Desenne’s Le Revenant ou les Deux Grenadiers, Le Bal, and Le Mari à deux femmes ou le Valet à deux maîtres (Journal de Paris, 13 Jan. 1787).

99. These four silver covered dishes are presently at Monticello. They bear no visible maker’s marks, but may have been the work of Pierre Jacques Lamine, who made the plates purchased in 1786 (MB 30 Dec. 1786).

1. A large Watt copying press from London (Lafayette to TJ, 30 Aug. 1786; R. and A. Garvey to TJ, 12 Jan. 1787).

2. A French version of Jacques Auguste de Thou’s Historiarum sui Temporis (Sowerby, No. 157 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ; Madison to TJ, 27 Apr. 1785; TJ to Madison, 2 Aug. 1787).

3.  Jean Baptiste, Comte de Carburi (d. 1801), physician to the French royal family, was one of “two learned Greeks” who instructed TJ in the modern pronunciation of Greek. At six livres the bottle, these Greek wines were the most expensive TJ bought while in France (TJ to John Adams, 21 Mch. 1819; Carburi to TJ, 16 Jan. 1787).

4. Cahuzac is a white wine, available both sweet and dry, from the vicinity of Villeneuve-sur-Lot in southeastern France. TJ always bought dry Cahuzac, which he first tasted at the table of Marie Louise Nicole Élisabeth de La Rochefoucauld, Duchesse d’Enville. The La Rochefoucaulds were the seigneurs of Cahuzac (Tarbé to TJ, 22 Jan. 1787;Le Veillard to TJ, undated, Papers, xi, 67-8 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; TJ to William Lee, 28 Apr. 1806).

5.  Miguel de Lardizábel y Uribe was no doubt the “Mexican” whose conversation TJ recorded in his long report to John Jay on “our Southern countrymen,” 4 May 1787. See also Brissot de Warville to TJ, 10 Nov. 1786, and Lardizábel to TJ, 17 Jan. 1787.

6. Part of this bill was for William Jones, the London instrument maker, who had made for TJ a perspective machine adapted from the one described and illustrated in James Ferguson’s The Art of Drawing in Perspective (Dublin, 1778), p. 113-23 and Plate ix. This device was used to make drawings from nature, particularly of buildings. TJ, however, seems to have wanted it to make scale drawings of useful inventions, as Jones mentions altering Ferguson’s instrument to permit “the drawing of a Machine &c.” (Jones to TJ, 22 Jan. 1787; see also Jones to TJ, 10 Nov. 1786; TJ to Smith, 19 Feb. 1787; Smith to TJ, 19 May 1787; Smith’s account with TJ, 3 Dec. 1787, MHi).

7. TJ sent these acorns to the South Carolina Society for Promoting and Improving Agriculture, in the hope that the cork oak could be naturalized in that state. This and further TJ efforts to introduce the cork oak to American soil were without success (TJ to William Drayton, 6 May 1786 and 6 Feb. 1787; Drayton to TJ, 25 Nov. 1787; TJ to James Ronaldson, 12 Jan. 1813).

8. This entry may have been for making doors for the carriage house at the Hôtel de Langeac. In Oct. 1786 TJ had invited Langeac to inspect “the works of Carpentry in the basse-cour” (TJ to Langeac, 12 Oct. 1786; William Short to TJ, 23 Dec. 1790). Several estimates for this work survive, ranging in price from 114 to 192 livres (DLC: TJ Papers, 236: 42324-6).

9.  Burrill Carnes, a merchant and American agent at Nantes, had collected the debts of John Banister, Jr., after his 8 Feb. departure for America (MB 2 Sep. 1786).

10. Repayment of TJ’s two February loans to Philip Mazzei, plus a further 600 livres in May, does not appear in MB. Their accounts were balanced when TJ later acted as Mazzei’s American banker, and in fact Mazzei eventually emerged as TJ’s creditor (TJ to Mazzei, 4 Apr. 1787; TJ to William Short, 25 Aug. 1790; MB 3 Dec. 1773, cash accounts).

11. TJ, who had ordered this work from London, already had his own copy of Thomas Jefferys’ American Atlas, first published in London in 1778 (Sowerby, No. 3961 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ; TJ to John Stockdale, 26 Sep. 1785, 1 Feb. 1787).

12. This silver medal eventually became part of the eleven-medal set presented to George Washington in 1790. TJ considered Augustin Dupré (1748-1833) the best of the die-sinkers employed to engrave the medals commemorating Revolutionary victories (MB 4 July 1789; TJ to John P. Jones, 23 Mch. 1789). For a complete account of TJ’s role in this business, see “Notes on American Medals,” Papers, xvi, 53-79.

13. Not identified. It is possible that TJ, disappointed in the results of treatment by academic surgeons, consulted a bonesetter for his dislocated wrist. There was a famous French family of bonesetters named Valdagou (Valdageoux), some of whom were resident in Paris in this period (W. S. Lewis and Warren Hunting Smith, eds., Horace Walpole’s Correspondence with Madame du Deffand [New Haven, 1939], ii, 352-3).

14. See Malone, Jefferson, ii, 112-17 description begins Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, Boston, 1948-1981, 6 vols. description ends , for an account of the complex purposes of TJ’s journey to southern France and of his major interests as a traveller. Despite the many public objectives of this trip, TJ charged no part of its cost to the United States.

The first mention of a planned autumn tour of the ports of southern France occurs in TJ’s letter to John Banister, Jr., 7 Sep. 1786. TJ temporarily abandoned the project after his accident, but the prospect of another winter in Paris and his surgeon’s suggestion that he try mineral waters for his wrist determined him to undertake the journey in the cold season. He was on the eve of departure in mid-December, when the need to speed David Franks on his way to America with the treaty with Morocco again delayed him. After Franks finally left on 8 Feb. 1787, TJ lingered on to hear the results of the opening of the Assembly of Notables and then had to stay for the first audience of the new foreign minister, the Comte de Montmorin. He left the day after this audience (see TJ to W. S. Smith, 22 Oct. 1786 and 19 Feb. 1787; TJ to John Jay, 23 Oct. 1786; TJ to James Madison, 16 Dec. 1786 and 30 Jan. 1787; and TJ to John Adams, 23 Feb. 1787).

TJ travelled as a private citizen, not as American minister to France. “Quite determined to be master of my own secret,” he began his journey without a personal servant, much to the dismay of some of his friends. At Dijon, as a “sacrifice to opinion,” he hired Petit Jean, who stayed with him until his return to Paris (TJ to William Short, 27 Mch. 1787; Short to TJ, 14 Mch. 1787).

TJ travelled in his own carriage, drawn by post horses (three until he reached Lyons, and four, sometimes even five, thereafter). For posting rates, distances, and travelling time, see Dutens, Itinéraire, a copy of which TJ unquestionably carried with him; his spelling of place names conforms to that of Dutens and contemporary maps of postal routes.

Eight pages of rough accounts for this trip, covering 28 Feb. to 6 June 1787, are in CSmH. Differences between the two versions will be given in footnotes. There are several important additional sources on TJ’s southern journey. “Notes of a Tour into the Southern Parts of France, &c.,” Papers, xi, 415-64, and “Jefferson’s Hints to Americans Travelling in Europe,” Papers, xiii, 264-76, will be cited repeatedly in the footnotes. See also Kimball, Jefferson, iii, 184-201, Malone, Jefferson, ii, 112-30 description begins Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, Boston, 1948-1981, 6 vols. description ends , and Dumbauld, Jefferson Tourist, p. 83-109 description begins Edward Dumbauld, Thomas Jefferson, American Tourist, Norman, Okla., 1946 description ends .

15. CSmH account reads, “Pd. assistance on breaking carriage on the road 7f4.”

16. Probably the twelfth-century Cathédrale St.-Étienne, with its rich treasure.

17. According to the CSmH account, this was the “Palais des etats,” the present Hôtel de Ville, whose century-long reconstruction had just come to an end.

18. Morocco slippers (CSmH account).

19. On 15 Mch. 1787, TJ wrote to William Short: “I mounted a bidet, put a peasant on another and rambled thro’ their most celebrated vineyards, going into the houses of the labourers, cellars of the Vignerons, and mixing and conversing with them as much as I could.” See Papers, xi, 416-18 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends , for the information he gathered.

20.  Parent, a Beaune wine-cooper, accompanied TJ to Auxey, where they tasted the Montrachet wines of a Monsieur de la Tour. TJ subsequently ordered a feuillette, the equivalent of 124 bottles, of the 1784 vintage. The cost, including bottling and portage, was three livres per bottle (TJ to Parent, 13 Mch. 1787; Parent to TJ, 20 June 1787; Papers, xi, 418 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

21. The Abbés Arnoux and Chalut had introduced TJ to Jean d’Espinay, Seigneur de Laye. In the absence of her husband, the marquise entertained TJ at their chateau a few kilometers from Saint-George-de-Reneins. Here TJ fell in love with “a delicious morsel of sculpture,” a Diana and Endymion by René Michel Slodtz; it is illustrated in François Souchal, Les Slodtz: sculpteurs et décorateurs du Roi (Paris, 1967), Plates 14 and 15 (TJ to Madame de Tessé, 20 Mch. 1787; TJ to William Short, 15 and 29 Mch. 1787; Papers, xi, 419-20 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

22. At Lyon TJ did not see the famous industries, “because a knowlege of them would be useless, and would extrude from the memory other things more worth retaining” (TJ to William Short, 15 Mch. 1787). He did see some “feeble remains” of antiquity—a theater and remnants of an aqueduct—so he no doubt climbed the hills of Fourvière and Saint-Just. The “good things” he saw in painting may have been in the Hôtel de Ville, which had a Rubens Crucifixion as well as ceilings by Thomas Blanchet (Papers, xi, 420 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; TJ to Short, 29 Mch. 1787; Cradock, Journal, p. 97-100 description begins Journal de Madame Cradock, trans. Mme. O. Delphin Balleyguier, Paris, 1896 description ends ).

23. At Vienne TJ saw the “Pretorian palace,” or Temple of Augustus and Livia, which he was angered to find embellished with Gothic windows and in use as a church. He also saw the Roman “pyramid,” then believed to be a sepulchral monument, around which he paced with the tape measures he had ordered from London (TJ to Madame de Tessé, 20 Mch. 1787; TJ to W. S. Smith, 15 Jan. 1787; Papers, xi, 423, xiii, 273 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

24. TJ no doubt visited the vineyards between Ampuis and Condrieu in the same manner as he had those of Burgundy (see Papers, xi, 421 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

25. TJ tasted the famous wine of Tain and studied its vineyards, but did not begin to purchase white Hermitage in quantity until he was President (Papers, xi, 421-2, xiii, 273 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

26. TJ describes the ferry system in Papers, xi, 423 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends .

27. This entry probably represents another agricultural ramble, as Papers, xi, 421-2 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends , contains notes on the culture of the almond and the vine at Montélimar.

28. At Orange TJ concentrated on Roman remains, including the “sublime triumphal arch,” the “superb” theater, remnants of an acqueduct, and a mosaic pavement, probably the “Chat de Barrière” in the Rue Saint-Florent; it is still in place today although much injured by time (TJ to Madame de Tessé, 20 Mch. 1787; Papers, xi, 423 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

29. TJ stopped here long enough to see the Pont du Gard (TJ to Madame de Tessé, 20 Mch. 1787; Papers, xiii, 274 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

30. TJ left the route to Aix in order to meet the Brazilian revolutionary José da Maia at Nîmes, but he spent most of his time there happily “immersed in antiquities.” Of these, he specified only the amphitheater, the Roman baths in the Jardin de la Fontaine, and, of course, the Maison Carrée (TJ to Madame de Tessé, 20 Mch. 1787; TJ to John Jay, 4 May 1787; TJ to William Short, 29 Mch. 1787; Papers, xi, 424, xiii, 274 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ). TJ also viewed a steam-powered grist mill and talked with its inventor, Scipion d’Arnal, who was working on the application of steam power to boats (Papers, xi, 424 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; TJ to D’Arnal, 9 July 1787; TJ to Charles Thomson, 20 Sep. 1787; TJ to Thomas Paine, 23 Dec. 1788; Sowerby, Nos. 1219, 1226 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

31. For a razor strop (CSmH account).

32. TJ has left no description of these medals. According to another Nîmes visitor, “You will always be accosted by some shabby antiquarian, who presents you with medals for sale, assuring you they are genuine antiques, and were dug out of the ruins of the Roman temple and baths. All those fellows are cheats; and they have often laid under contribution raw English travellers, who had more money than discretion. To such they sell the vilest and most common trash: but when they meet with a connoisseur, they produce some medals which are really valuable and curious” (Smollett, Travels, p. 86 description begins Tobias Smollett, Travels through France and Italy, 1766, repr. London, 1919 description ends ).

33. At Arles TJ saw the amphitheater, the ancient sarcophagi of Les Alyscamps and Saint-Honorat, and the vestiges of a temple on the site of the ancient forum (Papers, xi, 425, xiii, 274 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

34. At Saint-Rémy TJ saw the triumphal arch and the mausoleum of the ancient city of Glanum; he owned a 1777 print of these “fine ruins,” which is now at Monticello (Papers, xiii, 274 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

35. At Aix, where he noted there is “little to be seen,” TJ enjoyed the sunshine, collected more agricultural data, and took forty douches at the thermal establishment, “without any sensible benefit” to his wrist. TJ’s arrangement to transport the waters of Aix to Marseilles explains succeeding references to bottles, tin vessels, and portage of water (Papers, xiii, 273 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; TJ to Short, 27 Mch., 7 Apr. 1787; Papers, xi, 426-7 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ). There is a contemporary description of the baths at Aix in Smollett, Travels, p. 333-5 description begins Tobias Smollett, Travels through France and Italy, 1766, repr. London, 1919 description ends .

36. TJ saw Alexis et Justine by N. A. Dezède and J. M. Boutet de Monvel and Mazet by E. R. Duni and Louis Anseaume (TJ to William Short, 29 Mch., 5 May 1787; Sowerby, No. 4570 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

37. Questions of American commerce drew TJ to Marseilles, but he also found it “a charming place,” and his week there was as full of social activity as sightseeing and information gathering. Of sights, other than those specified in MB, he mentions only the “chateau” of Notre-Dame-de-la-Garde, notable for its panoramic view; the present chapel was built in the nineteenth century (TJ to William Short, 7 Apr. 1787; TJ to John Jay, 4 May 1787; Papers, xi, 428-9, xiii, 273-4 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ). TJ attended “the assembleé of Mademlle. Conil,” visited merchants Stephen Cathalan, Antonio Soria, and Dominique Audibert (1736-1821), saw the wine cellars of Henry Bergasse, and, on his return visit to Marseilles in May, began an acquaintance with Pons Joseph Bernard (1748-1816), director of the royal observatory (TJ to Madame de Tott, 5 Apr. 1787; TJ to Mazzei and Chastellux, 4 Apr. 1787).

38. In TJ’s time a visit to the famous prison was usually combined with refreshments at a popular inn on the island (see Cradock, Journal, p. 126-7 description begins Journal de Madame Cradock, trans. Mme. O. Delphin Balleyguier, Paris, 1896 description ends ).

39. TJ took notes on the pumps at the Chateau Borély, which had been completed just a few years previous to his visit (Papers, xi, 429 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

40. At Hyères TJ saw “a botanical garden kept by the king” and an orange plantation belonging to a Monsieur Fille. He also apparently saw the Château de Giens, now in ruins (Papers, xi, 430-1, xiii, 274 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

41. TJ recorded only agricultural data about Antibes (Papers, xi, 431 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

42. The Var was at this time the border between France and Italy, that is, the kingdom of Sardinia. The river had neither bridge nor ferry, and had to be forded with the assistance of sometimes as many as twelve guides (see Dutens, Itinéraire, p. 61; Smollett, Travels, p. 113 description begins Tobias Smollett, Travels through France and Italy, 1766, repr. London, 1919 description ends ).

43. For TJ’s comments on Nice, see Papers, xi, 431-2, and xiii, 271 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends .

44. Although TJ had considered travelling as far as Nice, he allowed the cause of Carolina rice to carry him even further into Italy. To achieve this “peep” into Elysium, he stored his carriage, repacked his baggage, and boarded a mule for the alpine crossing via the Col de Tende. From Limone to Genoa he travelled post, paying for both carriage and horses (TJ to Vergennes, 11 Feb. 1787; TJ to John Jay, 4 May 1787; TJ to Maria Cosway, 1 July 1787; TJ to William Short, 12 Apr. 1787).

45. A few miles beyond “Ciandola” was the chateau of Saorge, whose picturesque situation made such an impression on TJ; the castle was destroyed in 1792, but the village still clings to the mountainside (TJ to Maria Cosway, 1 July 1787; Papers, xi, 432, xiii, 271 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ). These are now the French towns of L’Escarène, Sospel, and La Giandola.

46. In Turin TJ walked the now vanished ramparts and saw many sights, only one of which he mentioned. This was “a cabinet of antiquities,” probably that in the museum at the University of Turin, which contained Roman, Etruscan, and Egyptian objects. The most celebrated article in the collection was the Table of Isis, which in TJ’s time was considered an Egyptian work, but is now identified as a piece of Roman Egyptianizing. These antiquities are now in the museums of the Academy of Sciences (Papers, xiii, 272 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; William Short to TJ, 18 Oct. 1788). For a full discussion of TJ’s whole Italian journey, see George Green Shackelford, “A Peep into Elysium,” in Jefferson and the Arts: an Extended View, ed. William Howard Adams (Washington, 1976), p. 235-69.

47. TJ saw the fifteenth-century castle of Moncalieri, “the Windsor of Piedmont” as Arthur Young called it, and two buildings by Filippo Juvara: the basilica of Superga, which was the burial place of the kings of Sardinia, and the royal hunting lodge of Stupinigi. TJ probably enjoyed the view from the heights of Superga, in Young’s opinion the “finest farmer’s prospect in Europe” (Young, Travels, p. 231 description begins Arthur Young, Travels in France and Italy during the Years 1787, 1788, and 1789, 1792, 1793, repr. London, 1942 description ends ; Papers, xiii, 272 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

48. Although the exportation of rice in the husk from Piedmont was prohibited and, as he had been informed, punishable by death, TJ filled his coat pockets with some and engaged a muleteer to smuggle more to Genoa. The few pounds he bought on this date he sent to the South Carolina agricultural society. Ralph Izard found this rice much inferior to the Carolina variety and, fearing an undesirable hybrid, asked TJ to forward no more (TJ to John Jay, 4 May 1787; TJ to Edward Rutledge, 14 July 1787; Izard to TJ, 10 Nov. 1787; William Drayton to TJ, 25 Nov. 1787; Papers, xi, 436 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

49. TJ described the Duomo as “a worthy object of philosophical contemplation, to be placed among the rarest instances of the misuse of money.” He was more pleased with the eighteenth-century frescoed casas. Just outside Milan he visited the Villa Simonetta, famous for a remarkable echo. It seems hard to believe he also squeezed into his two-day stay the twenty-five mile journey to the Lago di Como, but he later recommended this “fine excursion” (Papers, xiii, 272, xi, 437 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ). TJ’s cicerone at Milan was Count Francesco dal Verme (1758-1832), who showed him “what was most worth seeing in Milan and it’s neighborhood” (TJ to Dal Verme, 13 July 1788, 15 Aug. 1787).

50. TJ’s declared motive for venturing into Piedmont and Lombardy was to see the Italian rice husking mill and determine how it differed from that of South Carolina. As far as he could see, it was “absolutely the same,” except for iron teeth attached to the pestles of some machines. He had such an attachment made and sent it to the South Carolina agricultural society (TJ to William Drayton, 30 July 1787). The husking mills he saw near Vercelli and at Casino are described in Papers, xi, 436-8 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends .

51. See Papers, xi, 438-9 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends , for TJ’s description of the process, at which he attended, as he later remembered, “from sunrise to sunset” (TJ to John Skinner, 24 Feb. 1820; Papers, xi, 464, xiii, 272 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ). It is possible TJ was at a dairy belonging to Dal Verme’s brother-in-law, the Marquis Carlo Francesco Visconti; two years later Arthur Young also spent the whole day at this farm observing the production of a cheese (Young, Travels, p. 236 description begins Arthur Young, Travels in France and Italy during the Years 1787, 1788, and 1789, 1792, 1793, repr. London, 1942 description ends ).

52. TJ called the Certosa di Pavia “the richest thing” he had ever seen (Papers, xiii, 272 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

53. This botanical garden, recently laid out according to the Linnaean system, was at the University of Pavia (Berry, Journals, i, 126 description begins Extracts of the Journals and Correspondence of Miss [Mary] Berry, ed. Theresa Lewis, London, 1865, 3 vols. description ends ).

54. Of the “abundance, abundance to be seen” in Genoa, TJ specified only the Pallazzo Marcello Durazzo in the Via Balbi, noted for its double staircase and a fine collection of paintings (Papers, xiii, 270, xi, 440 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

55. TJ made a tour of some of the country seats of the Genoese nobility. Going west to Pegli and Sestri, he saw the English-style gardens of Prince Augustino Lomellini, which he thought the “finest” he had seen outside England. East of Genoa he saw a palace with “a fine prospect” and the gardens of Count Durazzo at Nervi, which exhibited “as rich a mixture of the Utile dulci” as he had ever seen (Papers, xiii, 270, xi, 440-1 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; Hester Lynch Piozzi, Observations and Reflections Made in the Course of a Journey Through France, Italy, and Germany [London, 1789], i, 61-3; James Edward Smith, A Sketch of a Tour on the Continent, in the Years 1786 and 1787 [London, 1793], i, 256; [Giacomo Brusco], Description des beautés de Genes et de ses environs [Genoa, 1781], p. 118, 121).

56. TJ boarded a felucca for the voyage to Nice, but contrary winds forced him to abandon the boat at Albenga. He described his exhausting voyage to his daughter: “From Genoa to Aix was very fatiguing, the first two days having been at sea, and mortally sick, two more clambering the cliffs of the Appennine, sometimes on foot, sometimes on a mule according as the path was more or less difficult, and two others travelling thro’ the night as well as day, without sleep” (TJ to Martha Jefferson, 5 May 1787). The felucca, an open boat propelled by one sail and a dozen oarsmen, is described in Smollett, Travels, p. 203-4 description begins Tobias Smollett, Travels through France and Italy, 1766, repr. London, 1919 description ends .

57. CSmH account continues: “for which gave him bill on Mr. Grand.”

58. TJ’s record of his visit supports Arthur Young’s statement that “Petrarch and Laura are predominant at Avignon.” Ignoring the popes, TJ specifically mentioned only Laura’s tomb in the church of the Cordeliers; both the church and the simple gravestone were destroyed in the Revolution. He later made a happy excursion to Petrarch’s retreat at the Fontaine de Vaucluse (Young, Travels, p. 205 description begins Arthur Young, Travels in France and Italy during the Years 1787, 1788, and 1789, 1792, 1793, repr. London, 1942 description ends ; TJ to Martha Jefferson and William Short, 21 May 1787; Papers, xi, 443, xiii, 273 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

59. The Chartreuse du Val de Bénédiction, founded in the fourteenth century and at one time one of the most prosperous monasteries in France.

60. The amphitheater at Nîmes was at this time still full of dwellings (Papers, xiii, 274 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

61. The antiquary Jean François Sequier (1703-1784) had bequeathed to the Académie de Nîmes his natural history collection rich in fossils, his library, and the inscriptions and other ancient relics gathered in his travels or unearthed at Nîmes. Among these was a bronze askos now in the museum of the Maison Carrée. Struck by the singularity and beauty of this vase, TJ decided “sur le champ” to have a silver copy of it made to give to Charles Louis Clérisseau for his assistance in the design of the Virginia Capitol (TJ to Clérisseau, 7 June 1789). The wooden model TJ received on this date was lost, but a second one, procured in 1789 through the agency of William Short and TJ’s Nîmes valet de place Souche, called Blondin, is presently at Monticello. TJ eventually gave Clérisseau, instead of a copy of the askos, the Odiot coffee pot purchased in 1789. He did not have the askos duplicated in silver until 1801 (MB 3 June 1789, 11 July 1801; Papers, xv, xxix-xxxii and illustration facing p. 280 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; Julian P. Boyd, “Thomas Jefferson and the Roman Askos of Nîmes,” The Magazine Antiques, [July 1973], p. 116-24).

62. TJ grew sainfoin, Onobrychis viciifolia, on a small scale at Monticello as fodder and tried, apparently without success, to introduce to South Carolina a drought-resistant genus called sulla, Hedysarum coronarium (Betts, Garden Book, passim description begins Thomas Jefferson’s Garden Book, ed. Edwin M. Betts, Philadelphia, 1944 description ends ; TJ to William Drayton, 6 May 1786; Papers, xi, 444 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; TJ to John Taylor, 1 May 1794; TJ to John Skinner, 16 May 1820).

63. After sailing through the Étang de Thau from Sète to Agde, TJ reached the Canal du Midi, which he desired to “examine minutely” in the cause of American canal building. At Agde, rather than taking the post boat to Toulouse, he hired a private vessel to proceed at a more leisurely pace. He walked along the banks of the canal or observed from his dismounted carriage; all in all it was “the pleasantest” method of travel he had ever tried (TJ to W. S. Smith, 13 Sep. 1786; TJ to William Short, 21 May 1787; TJ to Martha Jefferson, 21 May 1787; Papers, xi, 446-9, xiii, 274 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

64. The subterranean valve chamber ninety feet below the crest of the dam of Saint-Ferréol, built in the seventeenth century by Pierre Paul Riquet (1604-1680), is still in operation today. On this day-long tour of the feeder system for the Canal du Midi, TJ viewed a voûte at Les Cammazes and the recently completed dam at Lampy, also still in use today (Papers, xi, 448, xiii, 275 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; TJ to William Short, 21 May 1787; L. T. C. Rolt, From Sea to Sea: The Canal du Midi [London, 1973], p. 55-62; M. de La Roche, Atlas et Description du Canal Royal de Languedoc [Paris, 1787], Plate 2).

65. TJ left no record of what he saw in Toulouse. One of the most popular sights for eighteenth-century visitors was the property of Madame du Barry’s brother-in-law, an elegant house and a small garden brimming with pasteboard mountains, leaden shepherdesses, wooden lovers, and stone peasants, where “nothing [is] excluded but nature” (Young, Travels, p. 29 description begins Arthur Young, Travels in France and Italy during the Years 1787, 1788, and 1789, 1792, 1793, repr. London, 1942 description ends ). Another attraction was the vault of preserved bodies in the Couvent des Cordeliers (see Cradock, Journal, p. 172-91 description begins Journal de Madame Cradock, trans. Mme. O. Delphin Balleyguier, Paris, 1896 description ends ).

66. While at Bordeaux TJ measured the bricks of the ruined third-century amphitheater, but the main objects of his attention were the Médoc and Graves vineyards. He travelled beyond Saint-Julien to Château Latour, while closer to Bordeaux he particularly examined the vineyards of Château Haut-Brion and Pontac (Papers, xi, 455-7 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; TJ to Miromenil, 6 Sep. 1790; TJ to William Lee, 14 June 1803).

67. The new Grand-Théâtre of Bordeaux, designed by Victor Louis, was considered the most magnificent in France (see Young, Travels, p. 57 description begins Arthur Young, Travels in France and Italy during the Years 1787, 1788, and 1789, 1792, 1793, repr. London, 1942 description ends ).

68.  Thomas Barclay, who had been arrested at Bordeaux for a personal debt, was released from prison a few days before TJ’s arrival. For a complete account of Barclay’s disordered finances and TJ’s consequent discussions of diplomatic immunity with Montmorin, see Papers, xi, 493-500 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends . TJ charged these 1,000 livres to the United States as “cash to Mr. Barclay at Bordeaux on acct. of his Marocco mission” (Account with U.S. 1792; TJ to Barclay, 3 Aug. 1787; William Short to W. S. Smith, 23 June 1787, DLC: Short Papers).

69. TJ left no record of what he saw at La Rochelle, but he may have climbed the tower of the church of the Oratoire for its view, and perhaps he walked out onto the celebrated dike built by Richelieu (see Cradock, Journal, p. 233-42 description begins Journal de Madame Cradock, trans. Mme. O. Delphin Balleyguier, Paris, 1896 description ends ).

70. At Lorient TJ climbed the Discovery Tower and undoubtedly made a tour of the port and warehouses of the Compagnie des Indes (Papers, xi, 459 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; Young, Travels, p. 105 description begins Arthur Young, Travels in France and Italy during the Years 1787, 1788, and 1789, 1792, 1793, repr. London, 1942 description ends ).

71. TJ left no record of what he saw at Rennes.

72. TJ was led to stop at Tours by the perplexing question of the existence of marine shells at a distance from the sea. Here TJ heard the local evidence for the theory that shells are “a fruit of the earth, spontaneously produced.” The witnesses seemed reliable, but TJ, reserving final judgment, declared that the account of such a process “throws the mind under absolute suspense” (Papers, xi, 460-1 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; TJ to Rev. James Madison, 13 Aug. 1787; see also Notes on Virginia, p. 31-3, 265-6 description begins Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1955 description ends ).

73. Of the splendid Château de Chanteloup and its gardens, once the property of Etienne François, Duc de Choiseul (1719-1785), little remains but the “pagoda,” designed by Nicolas Le Camus de Mézières (Papers, xi, 462, xiii, 275 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; Cradock, Journal, p. 291-2 description begins Journal de Madame Cradock, trans. Mme. O. Delphin Balleyguier, Paris, 1896 description ends ; Young, Travels, p. 64 description begins Arthur Young, Travels in France and Italy during the Years 1787, 1788, and 1789, 1792, 1793, repr. London, 1942 description ends ).

74. The Marquis de Chastellux had suggested that TJ make a brief stop at the Château de Ménars, which had been remodelled for Madame de Pompadour by Jacques Ange Gabriel. Her brother, the Marquis de Marigny, had made further improvements to the house and gardens with the aid of architect Jacques Germain Soufflot (Chastellux to TJ, 29 Apr. 1787).

75. Not to be confused with the present Panthéon, this winter “vauxhall,” designed by Samson Nicolas Lenoir le Romain, was located on the Rue Saint-Thomas-du-Louvre between the Cour du Carrousel and the Place du Palais-Royal. On the program of this concert, a benefit for victims of a fire in Franche-Comté, were a symphony of Alexandre Guenin and works by Anfossi, Grétry, Paisiello, Sacchini, F. J. Gossec, François Petrini, H.F.M. Langlé, Charles Antoine Vion, and Jean Henri Levasseur. A new four-cylinder keyed glass harmonica developed by Renaudin was demonstrated (Journal de Paris, 16 June 1787; Sowerby, No. 4566 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

76. TJ had ordered more china in the same pattern as the set purchased in 1784 (TJ to William Macarty, 7 Oct. 1786; Macarty to TJ, 30 Oct., 5 Dec. 1786; MB 24 Nov. 1784).

77.  John Hannum Gibbons (d. 1795) of Philadelphia, who had recently taken a medical degree at the University of Edinburgh, was returning to America (TJ to Benjamin Franklin, 6 Aug. 1787).

78. In MHi, at 28 Feb. 1787, is a fragment in TJ’s hand of preliminary computations for this chart of household expenses. It shows that, except for the expenses of cuisine and office, TJ received from Adrien Petit an unorganized collection of receipts and figures, which had to be sorted and totaled. It is apparent that the figures for petites dépenses equaled what remained unaccounted for after all the receipts had been separated into their proper categories.

79. Map engraver Guillaume Nicolas Delahaye (1725-1802) had been employed for TJ by Nicolas Desmarets (1725-1815), author of the physical geography section of the Encyclopédie methodique and at this time an administrator of the Sèvres porcelain factory. Delahaye corrected the several hundred errors in Samuel Neele’s plate of TJ’s map for his Notes on Virginia. The production of this map, which, in TJ’s opinion, was “worth more than the book,” cost TJ over £40: £28–16–9 for Neele’s plate, 219 livres for Delahaye’s corrections, 33 livres for coloring, plus miscellaneous transportation expenses. TJ charged ten pence apiece for the maps provided to the London and Paris publishers of his Notes, John Stockdale and Barrois. He was given £42–14–2 credit by Stockdale, but apparently recovered nothing from Barrois. The plate and TJ’s original drawing for the map have disappeared (TJ to Stockdale, 27 Feb., 10 Oct. 1787, 17 July 1788; William Short to TJ, 12 Mch. 1787; TJ to Short, 27 Mch. 1787; Delahaye to TJ, 20 July 1787; Froullé invoice, 16 Aug. 1787 [filed at 23 Apr. 1787], MHi; W. S. Smith account with TJ, 3 Dec. 1787, MHi; TJ to Philip Mazzei, 2 Aug. 1791; Coolie Verner, “The Maps and Plates Appearing with the Several Editions of Mr. Jefferson’s ‘Notes on the State of Virginia,’” VMHB, lix [1951], 21-8).

80. Before his departure for southern France, TJ had set in motion a complete reorganization of his household. The cook, the gardener, and Anselen the coachman were dismissed, and Lomenie was hired as footman. He was a trusted servant until he took to thievery in 1790 (Philip Mazzei to TJ, 17 Apr. 1787; William Short to TJ, 14 May 1787, 4 Mch. 1790). The absence of any further payments for a cook seems to indicate that James Hemings was now sufficiently qualified to take over the kitchen. He made his first appearance on the monthly wage list in October (MB 1 Oct. 1787).

81.  Adrien Petit went to London to collect eight-year-old Mary Jefferson, who was staying with John and Abigail Adams after her transatlantic crossing. She arrived in Paris on 15 July and joined her sister at the Abbaye de Panthemont (Mrs. Adams to TJ, 26 June, 6 July 1787; TJ to Elizabeth Eppes, 28 July 1787).

82. TJ’s observations on former Comptroller General Calonne’s letter of 22 Oct. 1786 are in Papers, xi, 539-42 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends . He presented a copy of Deaugustini’s French translation to Montmorin at Versailles on 3 July and sent one to Calonne’s successor, Laurent de Villedeuil (TJ to Villedeuil, 5 July 1787).

83. Mont Calvaire (now Mont Valérien), which rose behind the village of Suresnes, was the site of a community of lay brothers who sold their own produce and took boarders. TJ took rooms at Mont Calvaire in September and passed a good part of the autumns of 1787 and 1788 at what he called his “hermitage.” Other “hermits” TJ saw there were physician and royal censor Achille Guillaume Le Bègue de Presle (1735-1807), Fremyn de Fontenille, and Jean Jacques Barthélemy (1716-1795), author of the Voyage du Jeune Anacharsis en Grèce (Rice, Jefferson’s Paris, p. 105-7 description begins Howard C. Rice, Jr., Thomas Jefferson’s Paris, Princeton, N.J., 1976 description ends ; Randolph, Domestic Life, p. 73-4 description begins Sarah N. Randolph, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, 1871, repr. Charlottesville, Va., 1978 description ends ; Fremyn to TJ, 23 Oct. 1787; TJ to Fremyn, 24 Oct. 1787; Sowerby, No. 41 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

84. An invoice for this date for binding thirty-eight volumes is in DLC: Madison Papers.

85. When in Montpellier TJ had dined with Dr. Lambert and had placed an order for an amber Muscat de Frontignan of the doctor’s own growth. Lambert forwarded 250 bottles of this wine and added 33 bottles of the rarer red Muscat (Lambert to TJ, 11 June, 17 July 1787; TJ to Lambert, 6 July 1787; TJ to Moustier, 24 July 1787; Papers, xi, 444-5 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; MB 3 Sep. 1787).

86. Pajarete is a Málaga wine which in TJ’s day could be dry as well as sweet; he usually ordered dry Pajarete (TJ to Joseph Yznardi, 24 Mch. 1801). As there is no MB entry for payment, this is probably the “cask of Pacaretti wine omitted before,” costing 159₶–6, in a 1789 account with Ferdinand Grand (DLC: TJ Papers, 16499).

87.  Banister’s account is not found. Mazzei’s, Franklin’s, Hopkinson’s, Barclay’s, and Currie and Hay’s accounts are printed in Papers, xi, 267, 658, 670-1, 683 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends . James Monroe’s account, in MHi at 1 Mch. 1786, is identical with that of James Currie. Press copies, with later additions, survive of the accounts of Franklin (MHi at 3 Feb. 1786), Hopkinson (DLC: 8982), and Barclay (DLC: 6339-40). Lafayette’s account is in DLC: 6199 and W. S. Smith’s account is in MHi at 7 Sep. 1786. Revised versions of both Lafayette’s and Smith’s accounts are printed in Papers, xii, 529-59 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends .

88. TJ had ordered Volnay, but had received what Parent described as “la Comarenné” of 1785, perhaps a Pommard of the Clos de la Commaraine. The Meursault was Goutte d’Or of 1784 (Parent to TJ, 20 June, 30 July 1787; TJ to Parent, 14 June 1787).

89. This was 386 pounds of Lombard and Egyptian husked rice, purchased mainly for TJ’s personal use, although he planned to send a sample quantity of each type to the South Carolina agricultural society. TJ had personally met Marseilles merchant Stephen Cathalan, Jr. (d. 1819), in the spring. Cathalan, whose father was the American commercial agent at Marseilles, was appointed vice-consul there by the American government in 1790. He faithfully executed TJ’s many commissions for the purchase of wine and food for the rest of his life (Cathalan to TJ, 9 May, 30 June 1787; TJ to William Drayton, 30 July 1787; TJ to Cathalan, 7 Sep. 1790). While paying this bill, TJ took the opportunity to “make a little acquaintance” with the banker Sir John Lambert (1728-1799), who lived at the corner of the Rue de Richelieu and the Boulevard des Italiens. He had a notable art collection, especially rich in Flemish works (TJ to Cathalan, 21 July 1787; Trumbull, Autobiography, p. 119-20 description begins The Autobiography of Colonel John Trumbull, ed. Theodore Sizer, New Haven, 1953 description ends ; Thiéry, Guide, i, 188-9 description begins Luc Vincent Thiéry, Guide des amateurs et des étrangers voyageurs à Paris, Paris, 1787, 2 vols. description ends ).

90. Fifty pounds of “Caffé Moka,” which TJ had ordered while at Lorient (Wilt, Delmestre & Cie. to TJ, 15 June, 9 July 1787).

91. Of the financial crisis that had greeted him on his return to Paris, TJ wrote: “We are here in a terrible pickle. Mr. Grand, being about 1000 guineas in advance for the U.S. chuses to advance no more till he receives remittances from America: and Mr. Rucker tells me he thinks there are none coming from thence” (TJ to W. S. Smith, 31 Aug. 1787). From this period Ferdinand Grand virtually ceased acting as official banker to American diplomats and TJ received almost all further salary payments through the firm of Willink & Van Staphorst of Amsterdam, where John Adams had recently negotiated a loan for the United States (TJ to Commissioners of Treasury, 17 June, 5 Aug. 1787; TJ to Adams, 23 July 1787; TJ to Willink & Van Staphorst, 15 Sep. 1787).

Although both William Short and TJ treated this as a private loan, it was in effect a loan to the United States for TJ’s August salary, and TJ repaid it in monthly payments of 600 livres, the equivalent of Short’s normal salary. Short, who had to cash in an action of the Caisse d’Escompte to make the loan, was thus in effect paying his own salary. TJ made final payment on the loan in Apr. 1788 and in May Short finally received, through his government’s Dutch bankers, twenty-two months arrears of salary (MB 28 Apr., 14 May 1788; Short to Grand, 24 July 1787; Grand to Short, 31 May 1788, DLC: Short Papers; Short to TJ, 2 May 1791; Short’s accounts with U.S. and with TJ, DLC: Short Papers, 1: 76, 3: 398-9).

92. Adrien Petit had carried the plate of TJ’s map for the Notes on Virginia to John Stockdale, who was printing the London edition of the work (TJ to Stockdale, 1 July 1787).

93. That is, one place going to London (Petit) and three returning (Petit, Mary Jefferson, and Sally Hemings).

94. These were the expenses of acquisition of the skin and bones of a moose, the most expensive of TJ’s exhibits in his zoological defense of the American continent against the degeneracy theory propounded by the Comte de Buffon. The magnitude of the campaign launched by John Sullivan (1740-1795) of New Hampshire in pursuit of the moose astonished TJ and added to his store of anecdote for later years. The moose, accompanied by the antlers of other American Cervidae, arrived in Paris at the end of Sep. 1787, was immediately dispatched to the Jardin du Roi for Buffon’s examination, and is now unlocated (TJ to Sullivan, 7 Jan. 1786, 5 Oct. 1787; Sullivan to TJ, 16 and 26 Apr. 1787; TJ to W. S. Smith, 31 Aug., 28 Sep. 1787; TJ to Buffon, 1 Oct. 1787; TJ to John Rutledge, Jr., 9 Sep. 1788; Webster, Papers, i, 376-7 description begins Charles M. Wiltse and Harold D. Moser, eds., The Papers of Daniel Webster: Correspondence, Hanover, N.H., 1974-1976, 4 vols. description ends ).

95. L’Ardennois.

96. TJ charged the state of Virginia 611₶–1–6, mostly for the purchase of cartouche boxes. The remaining charges were for the shipment of books: 62₶–3–6 for Madison, 6₶–18–8 each for Franklin and Hopkinson, and 27₶–0–8 each for Monroe and Currie. The discrepancy in the total, 741₶–3–8, was caused by TJ’s subdivision and rounding off of the book shipping charges (André Limozin account with TJ, 20 July 1787, MHi; TJ account with Virginia, DLC: TJ Papers, 8947-48; Limozin to TJ, 20 and 27 July, 1 Aug. 1787; TJ to Hopkinson, 1 Aug. 1787; TJ to Madison, 2 Aug. 1787; TJ to Currie, 4 Aug. 1787).

97. TJ’s vacillation in the spelling of his servant Lomenie’s name illustrates the difficulty Americans had in understanding French pronunciation. Ralph Izard wrote about lentils: “The French call it Nentille: I do not know why for they spell it Lentille” (Izard to TJ, 1 July 1786).

98. Especially TJ to Commissioners of the Treasury, 5 Aug. 1787, and TJ to John Jay, 6 Aug. 1787, and its enclosures. TJ always tried to send his American dispatches by a private hand to avoid French postal officials, who opened letters as a matter of course (TJ to André Limozin, 29 July, 6 Aug. 1787).

99. TJ received 180 bottles of Château Margaux 1784, selected by him when he was in Bordeaux; a further 72 bottles of this vintage had been sent to Francis Eppes. The wine cost 747₶–11, a sum paid by Ferdinand Grand and therefore not in MB (Feger, Gramont & Cie. to TJ, 2 June 1787; TJ to Feger, Gramont & Cie., 19 June 1787; R. & A. Garvey to TJ, 24 Aug. 1787; TJ to Alexander Donald, 15 Feb. 1788).

1. This large Watt copying press, ordered for the Marquis de Chastellux, was actually taken and paid for by Antonio Dugnani (MB 11 Dec. 1787; R. & A. Garvey to TJ, 24 Aug. 1787; TJ to W. S. Smith, 16 June 1786, 31 Aug. 1787; Smith account with TJ, 3 Dec. 1787, MHi).

2. TJ sent these spectacles to Charles Bellini in Williamsburg (TJ to George Wythe, 16 Sep. 1787, enclosure; Bellini to TJ, 1 Mch. 1788; TJ to Bellini, 25 July 1788).

3.  Maria Cosway was in Paris without her husband from 28 Aug. to 8 Dec. 1787. Lodged at a distance from the Hôtel de Langeac and surrounded by a numerous and imposing “domestic cortege,” she could not, as TJ later lamented, “mount into the Phaeton and hie away to the bois de Boulogne, St. Cloud, Marly, St. Germains &c.” (TJ to Mrs. Cosway, 31 Jan. 1788). Even this entry, which at first sight appears to indicate a brief renewal of the outings they made together in the previous fall, apparently represents only a round of social calls TJ made at Saint-Germain-en-Laye to Mary Barclay and Madame Plumard de Bellanger (Mme. Bellanger to TJ, 16 Sep. 1787; Mrs. Barclay to TJ, 19 Sep. 1787). For further information on Maria Cosway’s 1787 Paris stay, see her letters to TJ of 7, 10, and 25 Dec. 1787, Malone, Jefferson, ii, 138-9 description begins Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, Boston, 1948-1981, 6 vols. description ends , and Kimball, Jefferson, iii, 177-80.

4. TJ knew of this machine in 1785 and may have already seen it demonstrated. Invented by P. A. Hall, it was used to copy, enlarge, or reduce paintings, prints, and maps (TJ to Ralph Izard, 29 Jan. 1785; Bibliothèque Physico-économique, instructive et amusante, Année 1786 [Paris, 1786], i, 379-80).

5.  Eléonor François Élie, Comte de Moustier (1751-1817), soon to embark for America as the new French minister, had asked TJ to procure for him Thomas Jefferys’ American Atlas and John Adams’ Defence of the Constitutions (Moustier to TJ, 24 July 1787).

6. TJ later used the term banco, that is, bank money as opposed to currency. He was drawing his monthly salary (see above, note 91; Willink & Van Staphorst to TJ, 24 Sep. 1787; TJ to Ferdinand Grand, 30 Sep. 1787).

7. This bill was for part of the cost of Martha Jefferson’s harpsichord (MB 14 Nov. 1787).

8. From this date James Hemings, as chef de cuisine, received a regular monthly wage of 24 livres, instead of occasional pecuniary gifts.

9.  Adrienne Catherine de Noailles, Comtesse de Tessé (1741-1814), who had been introduced to TJ by her niece Madame de Lafayette, had become one of TJ’s closest friends. He frequented the brilliant salons at her hôtel in the Faubourg Saint-Germain and at Chaville, her country estate on the road to Versailles, and catered to her horticultural interests for many years. The Comtesse had ordered a large supply of American plants from John Watson, nurseryman of Charleston, S.C. The chain of payment from Madame de Tessé to Watson involved William Short, TJ, James Madison, and Charles Thomson (TJ to Mme. de Tessé, 20 July 1786, note; Thomson to TJ, 28 Apr. 1787; Mantel Duchoqueltz to TJ, 25 July 1787; TJ to Madison, 17 Sep. 1787; Short to Mme. de Tessé, 30 Sep., 9 Oct. 1787, DLC: Short Papers; Rice, Jefferson’s Paris, p. 63-4, 96-9).

10. According to the given figures, the total should be 29f 5.

11. Although he did not carry his French dumbwaiters back to America, TJ continued to purchase and use them for the rest of his life to promote unrestricted conversation at the dining table by making the attendance of servants unnecessary (William Short to TJ, 4 Aug. 1790; Eye of TJ, No. 540 description begins William Howard Adams, ed., The Eye of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1976 description ends ).

12. This was probably a demonstration of the improved glass harmonica TJ described to Francis Hopkinson, 8 May 1788. He immediately wrote to John Trumbull asking the London price of a six-octave harmonica, but he apparently never bought one of these instruments which he thought “delicious” for certain kinds of music (TJ to Trumbull, 11 Oct. 1787; TJ to Charles Burney, 12 Feb. 1787).

13.  Nicolas Amable Germain De Bray, bookseller in the Palais-Royal (Lottin, Catalogue, p. 37 description begins [Augustin Martin Lottin], Catalogue chronologique des libraires et des libraires-imprimeurs de Paris, 1789, repr. Amsterdam, 1969 description ends ).

14. According to a page from the account book of the brothers of Mont Calvaire, this payment covered ten days since 7 Sep. (Rice, Jefferson’s Paris, p. 107 description begins Howard C. Rice, Jr., Thomas Jefferson’s Paris, Princeton, N.J., 1976 description ends ).

15. TJ subscribed to one of the earliest known fashion journals, Magasin des modes nouvelles, françaises et anglaises, which had begun publication in Nov. 1785 as the Cabinet des modes (Hatin, Bibliographie, p. 598 description begins Eugene Hatin, Bibliographie historique et critique de la presse periodique française, 1866, repr. Turin, 1960 description ends ). He customarily forwarded it to Anne Willing Bingham in Philadelphia and continued to subscribe after his return to America (TJ to Mrs. Bingham, 7 Feb. 1787, 11 May 1788; TJ to William Short, 6 Apr. 1790).

16. On this evening’s program at the Théâtre des Variétés was A. J. Dumaniant’s three-act comedy, La Nuit aux aventures, accompanied by Laroche’s Dumont, ou le Modèle des amis, and Joseph Patrat’s L’Anglais, ou le Fou raisonnable (Journal de Paris, 25 Oct. 1787). One biographer has suggested that TJ treated Maria Cosway and her entourage to this dinner at the Palais Royal, but the entertainment which followed is more in keeping with TJ’s nights out with young Americans like John Rutledge, Lewis Littlepage, and John Brown Cutting, who were all in Paris in October. TJ’s “great dinner” for Mrs. Cosway was almost certainly at the Hôtel de Langeac and probably closer to her departure from Paris in December (Kimball, Jefferson, iii, 178-9; Maria Cosway to TJ, [1 Dec.? 1787]).

17. This was the second of two marble busts of the Marquis de Lafayette, commissioned by the Virginia Assembly in 1781 and 1784. The first was placed in the Hôtel de Ville of Paris on 28 Sep. 1786. The second, completed in this month, was shipped to Virginia a year later and placed in the Capitol at Richmond, where it now stands (Houdon to TJ, 12 Nov. 1787; André Limozin to TJ, 15 and 16 Nov. 1788; Kimball, Jefferson, iii, 63-7; Papers, xv, xxxviii description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

18. Madame de Tessé’s American plants and the moose skeleton (MB 28 July, 1 Oct. 1787). André Limozin’s draft in favor of Sartorius & Cie., 14 Oct. 1787, is in MHi.

19. The program for this concert included a Haydn symphony and works by Viotti, Leopold Kozeluch, François Devienne, and J.F.N. Carbonel (Journal de Paris, 1 Nov. 1787).

20. John Adams had sent to TJ for Lafayette twelve copies of his Defence of the Constitutions (Adams to TJ, 28 Oct. 1787).

21. Probably Robert Sutton (c. 1731-1797). Using the subcutaneous method they developed, members of the Sutton family had been inoculating rich and poor against smallpox since the 1760s (Journal de Paris, 20 Sep. 1784; W. S. Lewis and Warren Hunting Smith, eds., Horace Walpole’s Correspondence with Madame du Deffand [New Haven, 1939], iv, 75). Although TJ had requested that his daughter Mary be accompanied to Europe by an inoculated woman, her travelling companion was Sally Hemings (1773-1835), daughter of Betty Hemings and, allegedly, John Wayles. She joined her brother James as part of TJ’s household staff and almost immediately began to receive a monthly wage of twelve livres. It is possible that during the periods when she received no wage Sally was apprenticed to a milliner, or other tradesperson, to prepare her for her eventual position as lady’s maid to an American girl in Parisian society. She was almost certainly acting as Martha Jefferson’s maid by the spring of 1789, when Martha had left the Abbaye de Panthemont and had begun to attend balls and other social events, and when TJ was spending more than usual on Sally’s clothing (see TJ to James Maurice, 16 Sep. 1789, requesting a transatlantic berth for Sally close to his daughters, and the letters of MJR’s classmate Marie de Botidoux, 1789-1790, which include greetings to Sally, ViU). Sally Hemings was later a valued household servant at Monticello (James A. Bear, Jr., The Hemings Family of Monticello [Ivy, Va., 1980], p. 12-15; Bear, Jefferson at Monticello, p. 4, 99-101 description begins Jefferson at Monticello, ed. James A. Bear, Jr., Charlottesville, Va., 1967 description ends ).

For discussions of the allegation that Sally Hemings became TJ’s mistress and bore his children, first publicly proclaimed by James T. Callender in 1802 and recently reiterated in Brodie, Jefferson description begins Fawn M. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History, New York, 1974 description ends , see Malone, Jefferson, iv, 212-16, 494-8 description begins Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, Boston, 1948-1981, 6 vols. description ends , Dumas Malone, Mr. Jefferson’s Private Life (Worcester, Mass., 1974), Dumas Malone and Steven Hochman, “A Note on Evidence: The Personal History of Madison Hemings,” Journal of Southern History, xli (1975), 525-8, Douglass Adair, Fame and the Founding Fathers (Williamsburg, Va., 1974), p. 160-91, and Virginius Dabney, The Jefferson Scandals (New York, 1981).

22. Martha Jefferson’s long-awaited harpsichord arrived on 20 Nov. (TJ to R. & A. Garvey, 21 Nov. 1787). A two-manual instrument with a Venetian swell, it was made by Jacob Kirkman of London and cost £71–18–6 (TJ to John Paradise, 25 May 1786; W. S. Smith account with TJ, 3 Dec. 1787, MHi). When in London in 1786 TJ had heard a harpsichord equipped with Adam Walker’s patent Celestina stop, “a divine thing” in his opinion. In operation it gave a sustained bowed-string tone to the instrument. This device was attached to Martha’s harpsichord and cost TJ an extra thirteen guineas (TJ to Francis Hopkinson, 9 May 1786; John Trumbull to TJ, 28 Aug. 1787; Cripe, TJ and Music, p. 49-51).

23. At this time in Paris there were several stores which sold luxury items on consignment at fixed prices, rather than using the usual method of marketing by bargaining. TJ probably went to the largest and best known, Verrier & Cie. in the new arcades of the Palais-Royal (Thiéry, Guide, i, 273-4 description begins Luc Vincent Thiéry, Guide des amateurs et des étrangers voyageurs à Paris, Paris, 1787, 2 vols. description ends ).

24. Probably seaux, wine coolers.

25.  Antonio Dugnani (1748-1818), Archbishop of Rhodes, had been the representative of Pius VI at the French court since Apr. 1787. In 1820 TJ wrote that “an intimate acquaintance . . . of several years at Paris had proved to me the excellence of his character” (TJ to Bishop Maréchal, 17 Jan. 1820; Dugnani to TJ, 4 Apr. 1787). For the nuncio’s keen interest in Martha Jefferson’s leanings toward Catholicism, see Papers, xiv, 356-7 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends , and for an itemized list of costs of the copying press, which is the same one mentioned at MB 27 Aug. 1787, see Papers, xiv, 326 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends .

26.  Observations sur la physique, sur l’histoire naturelle et les arts, ou Journal de physique was a monthly edited at this time by Jean Claude de La Métherie (1743-1817). The Journal encyclopédique was a semimonthly devoted to current developments in science and the arts. Founded in 1756 and long edited at Bouillon by Pierre Rousseau (1725-1785), it was the unofficial organ of the philosophes (Hatin, Bibliographie, p. 36-7, 62-3 description begins Eugene Hatin, Bibliographie historique et critique de la presse periodique française, 1866, repr. Turin, 1960 description ends ; Histoire de la Presse, i, 275-9 description begins Histoire Générale de la presse française, ed. Claude Bellanger and others, Paris, 1969-1976, 5 vols. description ends ).

27. Correctly 130₶–4.

28. This is probably the Chevalier Baldinotti, who several times this winter demonstrated his talent for the recitation of impromptu Italian verse at the Musée de Paris in the Rue Dauphine (Journal de Paris, 15 Jan. 1788, and, for mention of other improvisatori in Paris while TJ was there, 21 July 1784, 7 May 1785, and 5 Jan. 1787). Tobias Smollett described a typical improvisatore, who had “the surprising talent of reciting verses extempore, on any subject you propose. . . . When the subject is given, his brother tunes his violin to accompany him, and he begins to rehearse in recitative, with wonderful fluency and precision. Thus he will, at a minute’s warning, recite two or three hundred verses, well turned, and well adapted, and generally mingled with an elegant compliment to the company” (Smollett, Travels, p. 231-2 description begins Tobias Smollett, Travels through France and Italy, 1766, repr. London, 1919 description ends ).